Shigella bacteria, typically associated with contaminated food or water, are now spreading sexually among certain networks of gay and bisexual men in the UK. The infection causes prolonged bloody diarrhea and can lead to severe dehydration. A recent study from the University of Cambridge warns that these strains are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics, making treatment more challenging.

Key takeaways

  • Shigella is a bacterial infection that causes severe, often bloody diarrhea.
  • New variants are spreading sexually among gay and bisexual men in the UK.
  • These strains show high levels of antibiotic resistance.
  • Prompt medical attention and hygiene measures are critical to control spread.

What is Shigella and how does it spread?

Shigella is a group of bacteria that infect the intestines, leading to a condition called shigellosis. Classic transmission occurs through fecal-oral routes, often from contaminated food, water, or poor hand hygiene. However, the bacteria can also be passed during sexual contact, particularly through oral-anal contact or after handling items that carry fecal matter. The new study highlights that this sexual route is now driving a rise in cases among men who have sex with men.

Why is this outbreak concerning?

The Cambridge team examined genetic data from Shigella samples collected across the UK. They found that certain variants, especially Shigella sonnei, are circulating widely within specific social and sexual networks. These variants carry genes that make them resistant to several common antibiotics, including azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. When standard treatments fail, patients may require hospitalization for intravenous fluids and stronger antibiotics. The study also notes that repeat infections are possible, further complicating control efforts.

Who is at risk?

While anyone can contract shigellosis, the current wave primarily affects gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, particularly those who have multiple partners or engage in sexual practices that involve fecal exposure. The bacteria do not discriminate by HIV status, but people with weakened immune systems may experience more severe illness. The researchers stress that stigma should not prevent open discussion about sexual health and hygiene.

How can transmission be prevented?

Public health messages focus on simple but effective measures. Washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after using the bathroom and before sexual activity is essential. Using barriers such as condoms and dental dams during oral-anal contact can reduce risk. People with diarrhea should avoid sexual contact until symptoms have completely stopped and for at least 48 hours afterward. The UK Health Security Agency recommends that anyone with persistent or bloody diarrhea seek medical advice and mention their sexual history so that appropriate testing and treatment can be arranged.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the symptoms of Shigella infection?

Symptoms typically appear one to three days after exposure and include watery or bloody diarrhea, stomach cramps, fever, and nausea. The diarrhea can be severe and last up to seven days. Dehydration is a common complication, especially in young children and older adults, but the current UK outbreak has caused significant illness in otherwise healthy adults.

How is sexually transmitted Shigella different from foodborne Shigella?

The bacteria themselves are the same, but the transmission route differs. Sexually transmitted Shigella spreads through direct or indirect fecal exposure during sexual contact rather than through contaminated food or water. This means outbreaks can occur within closed social networks and may be harder to trace. The antibiotic-resistant strains seen in the UK are more common among sexually transmitted cases, likely due to repeated antibiotic use in these networks.

What should someone do if they suspect infection?

If you have bloody or prolonged diarrhea and have had sexual contact with another man, contact your doctor or a sexual health clinic. Testing involves a stool sample. Tell the healthcare provider about your symptoms and any recent sexual history. Avoid preparing food for others, stay hydrated, and do not have sex until you are completely better. If antibiotics are prescribed, take the full course as directed, even if symptoms improve.

This is an original report by Vital Signs Today, informed by reporting from Medical Xpress. Read the original source.

This article is for information only and is not medical advice. See our Medical Disclaimer.